[SynSem] Xiaoshi Hu (Tsinghua University)

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Xiaoshi Hu (Tsinghua University)

Syntax of Tough-Construction: A Derivation by Modification

This study proposes a new analysis for the syntactic structure of English tough-construction (TC). The main idea is three-fold. First, tough-construction involves a base-generated matrix subject and a moved null operator. In this aspect, our analysis is in line with the base-generation approach to tough-constructions as proposed in the literature (e.g., Chomsky, 1977). Second, contrary to what is proposed in most of the previous analysis, we argue that the landing site of the moved operator should be the edge of the tough-predicate in the matrix clause rather than the edge of the embedded infinitival clause. Third, the constituent headed by the null operator is a modifying adjunct rather than a predicate. This revised analysis not only rescues the original derivation of TC from Binding Condition C violation, but also fits in the distributional pattern of other null operator constructions such as relative clause construction and parasitic gap construction. Through the discussion on the syntax of TC, we aspire to deepen our understanding of Binding Condition C and the structure of NOP constructions in general.